The Behavior of Wolves

Abstract This research paper is on the behavioral characteristics of wolves and specifically the scent marking behavior. Almost all animals in nature have their own natural behavior which is unique to them. As for the case of wolves, the scent-marking territorial behavior comes about when a wolf urinates or defecates to mark their territory.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Behavior of Wolves specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is done such that the outsider wolves are barred from getting into other packs that they do not belong. The scent marking behavior is also a way through which wolves detect preys as well as enemies that want to attack them. However, the territorial issues are responsible for most of the deaths of wolves because of fights between packs or enemies. All in all, the scent-marking behavior is classified as an important aspect in wolves’ behavior as it is used as a form of commu nication. Introduction Wolves otherwise referred to as the grey wolves form the largest members of the Canidae family. They are descendants of a general ancestor common to all carnivores like dogs, bears and cats known as Creodont about a million years ago. Of all the canines, grey wolves are the largest and can weigh more than 100 pounds. â€Å"The further north the wolves are found the larger they will be, with males being 20% larger than females. A wolf can grow up to 5.5 feet long and 2.5 feet tall and on the average its tail grows from 15 to 19 inches† (Mech and Boitani 185). The wolf has gray fuzz with elongated tawny-colored legs and borders and a tapered chest. Wolves are extremely social predators existing in groups called packs. â€Å"Packs differ in sizes but on the average it has seven or less wolves depending on their population, availability of food and social factors affecting the pack. Hunting, travelling and resting is done together as a pack† (Mech an d Boitani 190). There is a highly structured hierarchy within each park. â€Å"It comprises of an alpha male and a female, a sole breeding pair, a lesser group of non-breeding adults with each having its individual position, a group of outcasts and immature wolves moving to the top† (Mech and Boitani 185). Younger wolves might move at times to find a territory and a new mate. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the naturalistic observation of wolves and more specifically their territorial nature using scent. Several experiments have been conducted to find out how wolves scent-mark their territories and if at all this scent-marking behavior is of any significance to them. These experiments conducted will act as case studies in this report so as to exactly find out how the scent-marking occurs and its importance if any.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The behaviora l characteristics of wolves Just like most animals, facial expressions and body language is used by wolves as a wy of communicating with each other. communication with another. As a show of superiority the dominant ones will look at the others in the eye as a show of superiority. As a show of submission the inferior or the minority wolves encircle the dominant wolf with their noses raised up against to it. In the packs, the use of nose, ears and mouth are very significant in conveying feelings. When they want to alert of danger, wolves normally erect their ears and open their mouth wide. Wolves are mainly carnivores and thus feed on meat only, with their common preys being even large animals such as the deer. To hunt with ease, wolves strategize on preying the weak and sick animals. They easily target the sick, the elderly, the youthful and the less precarious species for the wolves. They also have unique ways of defending their prey like eating very quickly to ensure that no other animal can steal the food from them. â€Å"When they have a kill, they feast on the best parts first and return later for the remains. During scarce times wolves can survive on little scraps for weeks but in abundance they can feed on an average of 5-6 hours†(Mech and Boitani 89). On the other hand, â€Å"when left alone, they tend to eat worms, insects and berries. In summer, they feed on fish, birds and mice since all the targets have moved† (Haines 1). This is such that the indigestible parts of the prey such as bones are hid in the hairs so as to protect the wolf from injury. The allegations that wolves feed on humans have not yet been established empirically. The scent-marking territorial behavior of wolves The most notable thing about the wolves is their territorial nature which they do not share with animals that do not belong to the pack. Wolves converse and mark their territories using scent (Peters and Mech 1). Wolves display a very unique behavior of being t erritorial using scent to mark these territories. â€Å"The dominant wolves and especially the alpha male are usually responsible for urinating close to the edges of the territory, on logs, rocks and stumps that are surrounded by the territory† (Peters and Mech 1). Wolves can have an estimated home range of about 1,000 miles depending on the breed and where they inhabit. One wolf pack can take over an average of 77 square miles no wonder a number of them overlap with others. Their vast movements, coupled with their low population make it difficult for researchers to track them down for study purposes. A pack can cover 10% of the territory each day and they don’t remain idle for long.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Behavior of Wolves specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wolves have a territory that is regarded as the core, usually at the heart of the radius of their array or extremely close to it and half of a particular wolf pack’s time will be used up there. They feel very secure in that area and as a result they always ensure that hideouts where the mothers deliver are very near to the core. Wolves issue alert signs by means of barking and howling. They also shun being close on one another in the same locality except when they are struggling for food which is insufficient. The fight is meant to increase their influence on that territory in addition to taking control over the food that is in the same locality. In a study conducted by Zubiri and Macdonald on scent-marking and territorial behavior of Ethiopian wolves, it found out the wolves deposit scent marks after urinating while raising one leg then scratching the ground (Zubiri and Macdonald 356). The scent-marks were noted to be common along territories and boundaries such that an outsider wolf is able to know occupied and unoccupied areas. At the same time, the scent marking behavior gives them the ability to sense food as well as their enemies thus taking early precautions. Previous research has shown that wolves are able to detect their prey even at a distance of about 3 kilometers. Another study conducted by Paquet indicated that the male adults of the wolves were the main scent-markers although the dormant members of the packs also played part (Paquet 1). The most amazing thing concerning the scent-marking territorial behavior of wolves is that, it is responsible for over 90 per cent of the deaths among wolves. This happens as a result of fights that crop up due to territorial issues (Paquet 1). The occurrence of the fights is two-fold with the first cause being fights between different territories of the wolves such that the stronger or larger pack wins. The second type is as result of attack by foreigner, for instance, a lion is able to get access to many of the wolves when they are in a pack rather than when they are a lone. As a result, some of the wolves have decided to be lo ners despite of their territorial behavior for fear of attacks. Implications of the Research The studies conducted on the scent-marking behavior shows that this is one way through which wolves communicate with each other (Haines 1). This is because, the wolves are able to know where to find its pack and also be deterred from entering a different pack. This becomes of essence when they have detected an enemy or they want to share a hunted prey. As a matter of fact, it used as a survival tool.Advertising Looking for term paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Limitations of the Research In most of the studies conducted, the actual chemical found in the urine or faeces to bring about the unique scent has not been identified thus making it difficult to justify. It is also not explained as to whether the other animals other than wolves are also in a position to detect the wolves’ scents. Conclusion The behavioral characteristic of scent-marking in wolves is one important asset that the wolves have been endowed with. This is because in addition to marking their territory and acquiring preys, they are able to notice when an enemy is near thus taking early precautions. It can thus be described as a way of communication in the wolf family. It is recommended that more research is conducted on the scent-marking behavior of wolves to find out what exactly is the reason behind this unique characteristic. Works Cited Haines, John. The Wolf Pack. 2011. Web. Mech, David and Boitani, Luigi (2003). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Univ ersity of Chicago Press. Paquet Paul. Scent-marking behavior of sympatric wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes  (C. latrans) in Riding Mountain National Park. 1991. Web. Peters Roger and Mech David. Scent-Marking in Wolves. 1975. Web. Zubiri Claudia and Macdonald David. Scent- marking and territorial behavior of Ethiopian wolves Canis Simensis. 2006. Web. This term paper on The Behavior of Wolves was written and submitted by user Felix I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tartuffe (Molliere) Essays - Tartuffe, Molire, Le Tartuffe

Tartuffe (Molliere) Essays - Tartuffe, Molire, Le Tartuffe Tartuffe (Molliere) Christian Castellanos HUM1020 MWF 10-10:50 Robin Repper Tartuffe is a classic story of deceit by one who is trusted and respected. Tartuffe, the deceitful holy man, is living in the house of Oregon. Oregon has opened his doors to Tartuffe, and he greatly respects him for being the good holy man he was thought to be. The rest of the family believe that Tartuffe is a fake and a con. Oregon and Madam Parcelle are the two which believe in his holy reputation. Tartuffe convinces Oregon that he is an incredible man of great holy stature, and Oregon proceeds to sign over to Tartuffe all his possessions. Outward Appearances can sometimes be deceiving. This is evident in the way Oregon looked at Tartuffe. Tartuffe was thought to be a man of great holy influence. Oregon thought Tartuffe was a high holy figure, who was admirable because of his devotion to God. Tartuffe is actually a two- faced con artist who has no interests but that of his own welfare. Oregon is blinded by these ideals. Tartuffe takes advantage of this blindness and attempts to seduce Oregons wife and con Oregon out of all his possessions. Another action by Tartuffe was the first steps of seducing Oregons wife. He uses his rosary to pull her in closer. In this episode, Tartuffe is using a symbol of purity and holiness as a tool of lust and sin. At some points, hed be eloquent and dignified, but at times he would be as if he was going after her. There is another aspect to the seduction by Tartuffe of Oregons wife. Molierre has Oregon hiding under a table when Tartuffe is trying to physically seduce his wife. Oregon had never believed his family that Tartuffe was two faced. Oregon, seeing with his own eyes what Tartuffe was doing, finally believes them. This shows that sometimes people dont believe something until they see it with their own eyes. Moilere succeeded in making Oregon and Madam Parcelle stubborn and unmoving. Oregon was stubborn when he did not believe his family over Tartuffe. It was a bold action the wife undertook to convince Oregon that Tartuffe was a fake. Only an action so bold would convince him. Oregon felt the affect of this stubbornness when he was trying to convince Parcelle of Tartuffes deceitfulness. He was outwardly frustrated at her remarks about him and Tartuffe. Again, she needed outward proof, and she received it when the eviction notice came as Oregon was trying to convince her. The voice of reason and control in this play comes from a character by the name of Cleante. This character counters Oregons stubbornness and irrationality by providing stability and control over the situation. Cleante is Oregons brother- in- law. When Cleante notices that Tartuffe has taken over the household, he organizes a meeting to come up with a solution or plan to the situation. The actor playing Tartuffe would frequently face the camera and make faces showing his deceitfulness toward the camera. This gives the audience and insight which is not seen by the rest of the characters in the play. These actions lead to dramatic irony which introduces new aspects to the play. Camera angles played an important and interesting role in this production of Tartuffe. During the scene of the attempted escape by Oregon, the camera angle was shot in the first person of Oregon. It showed Oregons point of view as he was exiting. This method was used a couple more times in the production. Also, camera angles were oddly placed at times. While the family was planning, the camera at one point was shooting between two chairs at the table, giving a different perspective of the planning period. Also, the Camera would sometimes be moved and hurried, giving a sense of confusion. Lighting played a small role in this production. The most prominent example of the use of variation of light was in the speech given by the guard towards the end of the production. A bright white light was cast from behind making what he had to say more catching and seemingly important. The light also gave him a look of being omnipotent at the time of his speech. Tartuffe is a play emphasizing deceit, reputations, integrity, stubbornness, and the ability to be blinded by something that we see as good, but really is harmful. Outward appearances are sometimes misinterpreted. This is what happened to Oregon and Tartuffe. This play contains many conditions

ALLEN - Surname Meaning and Origin of Last Name Allen

ALLEN - Surname Meaning and Origin of Last Name Allen The Allen and Allan surname derive from aluinn, meaning fair or handsome. The Allan surname spelled with an a is generally considered to be associated with Scottish clans, including Clan Donald, Clan Grant, Clan MacFarlane, and Clan MacKay. Spelled with an e, however, the Allen surname is generally considered to be English in origin. However, a variety of names from a variety of regions might be anglicized as either Allen or Allan, so the name spelling may not point to your familys origin. Surname Origin ï » ¿Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings ï » ¿ALAN, ALLAN Famous People With the Surname ALLEN Ethan Allen - leader of the Green Mountain Boys and an American officer during the Revolutionary WarKris Allen - winner of American Idol, season eightLily Allen - British pop starRichard Allen - minister, educator, writer, and founder of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) denominationMarcus Allen - National Football Hall of Fame member, inducted 2003 Genealogy Resources for the Surname ALLEN ï » ¿100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Allen Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Allen surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Allen query. There are also separate forums for the ALLAN and ALAN variations of the Allen surname. FamilySearch - ALLEN GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Allen surname and its variations. DistantCousin.com - ALLEN Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Allen. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.ï » ¿Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism - Essay Example The research delves on leisure activities. Leisure activities focus on both physical leisure activities. The physical activities include sports activities. The nonphysical activities include non-sport leisure activities. Leisure activities must enhance one’s interpersonal relationships. In layman’s terms, leisure activity is correctly described as any act done during work breaks. Leisure is the free time during non-nonworking days like Saturdays, Sundays, and official holidays. Leisure is the opportunity given to the person to do whatever he or she wants during the person’s free from work time or unemployed time. Leisure time can be use to rest or recreation (Veal & Lynch, 2001). Further, Lynch and Veal correctly reiterated that leisure is composed of three dimensions. The dimensions include time devoted to leisure. Another dimension includes occupations that constitute leisure. Leisure also includes attitudes that define leisure. Both authors correctly insist th at leisure activities include the love for the outdoor sports. The outdoor sports activities incorporate the leisure activities of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia. The Aboriginal people love the wilderness. Additionally, the Europeans of Australia include organized sports activities as leisure activities. The organized sports incorporate the European cultural and Leisure concepts. The overpowering demands of structured working lives included organized leisure activities. Leisure is done during times when work is finished or on hold recess (Veal & Lynch, 2001). For example, leisure activities are done at night, after the daily 9- 5 work schedule is accomplished. Leisure activities are done during Saturdays and Sundays, during off work days. Furthermore, Godbey rightfully insists that leisure is the act of pursuing the truth and understanding of oneself. The leisure act includes several contemplative ingredients. The contemplative ingredients are aesthetic, philosophical, psycholog ical and religious in nature. Thus, reading several books on philosophy, arts, literature (Shakespeare) are considered leisure activities. Reading books to resolve whether Charles Darwin’s evolution theory is correct is another brain enriching leisure activity (Veal, 1992). On my own, my leisure time is spent on sports activities. I prefer to play basketball games. Basketball gives the quick mind to analyse whether to move forward and shoot the ball or to stop my running and shoot the ball. The game of basket ball allows me to compete with other individuals who love the game of basketball. Basketball is a game of speed. To increase my speed, I continually do speed running. Additionally, my other leisure activity is reading books. I love to read books on topics that are related to my class lessons. I love to read the tragedies of Shakespeare. I also read books related to my school assignments. The books increase my current stock knowledge on the topics discussed in class. Conc lusion Leisure activity can have diverse culture-based meanings. The research shows different leisure activities. Leisure activities include physical leisure activities. The physical activities include perspiring sports activities. The nonphysical activities include sport-exempt leisure activities. Evidently, leisure activities improve one’s interpersonal relationships. Question 2 Introduction: Culture conflict often crops up in everyday situations. The research delves on conflict occurrences. The research delves on conflict resolution. Conflict resolution research involves contribution from different parties. Conflict resolution is the peaceful alternative to more other violent conflict interactions. The author correctly states that managers in event, sport,

Business Continuity Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Continuity Planning - Essay Example Thus there has emerged a need for ‘Business Continuity Planning’ (BCP). Any natural or unnatural disaster can always disrupt a business activity either for a short or a longer duration. It has now become essential to foresee such eventualities and have concrete plans to handle such situations. One of the prime examples of such a scenario was the terrorist activity in which the World Trade Centre was destroyed in New York which posed an immediate threat to the business concerns in that location. However many of the organizations in the area had adequate backup and continuity plans in place which helped them to recover (Safeguard). An ideal BCP begins by identifying the ‘applications, customers and the locations which an organizations needs to keep functioning in face of any disruption and the time frame involved in the execution of the backup plan’ (Mphasis). The identified applications and services need to be delivered continuously even during the disruptive phase and any good BCP endeavors to pre plan and enforce such infrastructure, regulations and methods without fail under continuous supervision and testing. Resources in order to achieve continuity need to be identified and categorized according to priority beforehand. Such resources must include ‘personnel, finance, information, equipment, legal counsel, accommodations and infrastructure protection (Safeguard). A good BCP plan in force enhances the reputation and the confidence within as well outside a business organization. BCP is initiated by a special governance sector or an exclusive department in the organization which takes overall control for planning, finance, execution, auditing and testing of the program. It conducts a ‘business impact analysis to identify the organization’s mandate and critical services or products’ (Safeguard). It then prioritizes different

Meditations Essay Example for Free

Meditations Essay Rene Descartes’ Meditations paved way to the enquiry of the epistemological nature of knowledge – a paradigm shift from an ontological priority to an epistemological priority of philosophizing. In this regard, Descartes believed that the fundamental source of knowledge is reason. As such, knowing material objects can only come upon an entity which is not external to us – that is the mind. The certainty of our understanding then rests on the clarity and distinctness of ideas constituting formal reality and not upon the immediate perception of an object. With this, he attempted to prove the existence of the Cogito, of God and dualism of the mind and the body, the methodic doubt as his primary grounding to prove the truthfulness of his claims. Let us now then analyze the seemingly problematic suppositions Descartes posits. One is dualism of the mind and body. It is because it is hard to conceive how two different things interact with each other. One indicator of such is when the mind chooses to do a specific action and the body seems to willingly do the action the mind chose. Another is when we perceive objects in the external world, our mind grasp and process the forming of these images based on our sense perception. Nevertheless, the primary question one can posit on the whole philosophy of Descartes is the appropriateness of granting existence to the conceptual entities in the mind. Existence, for Descartes, is proven through the recognition of the mind based on intuitions which manifest clarity and distinctness (or inner awareness where the mind and body are inseparable yet different from each other). By clarity, he claimed that it is the presence of an idea/object, and by distinctness, it is the relationship of clear ideas/objects and how its relationship distinguishes what belongs to an idea/object. Furthermore, he also claimed that substances are the building blocks of reality, categorized into two: the mind and the body. As such, he further maintained that these substances have primary attributes: the mind which is thought and the body, the extension. Ideas, for Descartes, are the modes of thought that link the mind and the world because they have formal and objective reality. By the former, he meant the kind of reality things have in this world and by the latter, the reality of objects represented by ideas. Hence, an idea can have formal reality because it is the mode of thought itself and it can also have an objective reality because it represents something outside of itself. In his work, one can deduce that he is certain only in his existence. As such, making him a thinking substance. He asserted that he comes to know this fact through clear and distinct perception, and logically it would follow that all his other clear and distinct perceptions are true in reference to formal and objective reality. In order to confirm the truthfulness of these clear and distinct perceptions, he proved the existence of a benign God which relies on the Mediator’s cognition of clear and distinct ideas. Even if we exempt the possibility of granting existence to fictitious entities for we may have clear and distinct perception of them, the possibility of granting existence to other conceptual entities in our mind is still questionable. First, I believe that we can only have clear and distinct perception of the conceptual entities through our senses – that is they exist in the physical realm. By that, I mean that we can have conception and understanding (on the context on how can we know them) primarily because they have manifestations in the physical world as also with regards to certain logical principles. For example, my understanding or even my idea of a tree originates from my perception of that tree in reality. Second, even if I can have clear and distinct perception of a God, it does not mean that a god/God indeed exist which cause my idea of God as what Descartes claimed. Arguably, there may be some other entity or there may be the possibility this world is just made up of matter and energy. Hence, there is no higher being which exists. It can be deduced then the appropriateness of granting existence to conceptual entities in the mind only comes if we could know their truth in the physical realm. As such, Descartes claimed of the mind being non-erroneous in granting existence to things/objects in this world is held in question.

The First Outbreak of the Illness :: Medicine Medical Influenza Essays

The First Outbreak of the Illness It was a quietly dull afternoon when they brought the first victim into the Emergency Room. He was a boyish 15 year-old, an adolescent sheep herder who appeared to be suffering from an unusually high fever accompanied by delirium. His uncle, the only relative to accompany the boy, said that his nephew was in good spirits until a few days prior when his health quickly deteriorated. [I was] a visiting doctor from Peru [and] the boy reminded me of home, where a majority of my childhood neighbors raised sheep upon the Altiplano. The hospital in which the boy was received was King Fahad Central Hospital in the town of Jazan, a small city in southwest Saudi Arabia near the Yemen border. It was early August 2000, and I was in Jazan as a participating physician in the first physician exchange program between the Saudi and Peruvian governments. My admission into this program was due to my youth, my specialization in pediatrics, and my familiarity with livestock culture. Though this are a of Saudi Arabia was similar to home in climate, it didn't help ... that the language of these indigenous people was so difficult to interpret. Thank Allah that I was surrounded by a sympathetic hospital staff. After administering fluids to relieve his dehydration, I had the boy x-rayed to see if I could find anything beyond the surface of his quickly-failing, physical condition. Upon review of the patient's cranial x-rays, it was found that there was swelling of the brain (encephalitis) along with kidney damage. Sadly, the boy was pronounced dead two days later, and with my inability to find a cure for him, the hospital was suddenly facing an exponential amount of patients suffering from the same condition. Desperate to find a clue, my fellow doctors and I spent whatever time available studying the cause for this mysterious illness. The most common factors between these patients were that all of them were herdsmen who happened to graze their sheep near a wadi (seasonal watercourse) a few miles north of Jazan. Instantly we assumed that this was a new, aggressive form of malaria with the vector being a mosquito. However, another colleague, Dr. Muhammad Almaradni, concluded another diag nosis--Rift Valley Fever. According to the World Health Organization, Rift Valley Fever (RVF) was isolated in 1930 during an

Gender Roles and Fashion Essay

Most people feel that the qualities and characteristics we perceive as specific to gender are inherent by nature. In America, physical strength is stereotyped to be masculine, while emotional behavior is stereotyped as feminine. Any straying from these expectations is sufficient grounds for alienation. However, historian Howard Zinn has documented that gender roles are a part of a system constructed by the ruling class during the formation of our nation. The gender role structure in the US was designed in order to maintain a centralized, wealthy ruling class. In order to keep wealthy, white men in control of the economy, women have been constructed as inferior to men — physically, mentally and emotionally. In Judith Lorber’s article â€Å"Night to His Day†, Lorber explains that the definition of being a man or woman is comprised of more than apparent genetic information. â€Å"Gender† is a socially constructed status, which has the intention of â€Å"choosing people for the different tasks of society†(Lorber 55). Thus, ideas about how one should behave in order to fit into a gender category are learned, not intrinsic. As a society assigns people as â€Å"men† or â€Å"women†, this categorization denotes the accepted and preferred â€Å"personality characteristics, feelings, motivations, and ambitions† that create different classes and preferences for people (Lorber, 55). That is, the genderization system produces men and women who tend to have a â€Å"natural inclination† toward ideas, behaviors, and careers that help them assimilate to anticipated gender stereotypes. Parents, constantly in fear that people will not be able to dis tinguish the sex of their new baby, instinctually encourage dress, styles, and behavior that perpetuate the masculine and feminine labels from birth. The term â€Å"woman† itself was created by the masculine conception of what femininity should be. These criteria set up the dominant/subordinate relationship standard because women lacked the power to challenge the male point of view. Lorber suggests that â€Å"as a process, gender creates social differences that define ‘woman’ and ‘man'† through interactions and expectations of peers and family. As a stratification, gender ranks men’s work superior to women’s, regardless of skill or difficulty. As a social structure, gender organizes work habits both domestically and economically  (Lorber 60-1). For the average girl in American society, adapting to gender roles is taught in every single facet of life. The media, entertainment, and school cooperatively exhibit and promote gender assimilation. Barbieà ¤ dolls are the first toys I can recall playing with as a young girl. Her long blond hair, short skirts, disproportionately long legs, and spike heels set the precedent for how I would view true â€Å"femininity† throughout adolescence. By age six, my life became infiltrated by gender specific, â€Å"girly† activities. I: practiced ballet and avoided sports, painted fingernails, nearly always wore dresses with nylons, experimented with my mother’s make-up (rather unsuccessfully), joined Girl Scouts, grew out my hair to mid-back, and wished for everything to be pink or lavender. I was so excited and anxious for the day when the boys would†¦ finally†¦ notice†¦ me (sarcasm intended). Fashion trends and clothing styles, in particular, significantly aid the social construction of gender. The mere presence of a standard for the judgment of beauty automatically designates some group to be in control of the other. That is, individuals are constantly judging one another to make certain that they fit into the correct gender classification. Trendy, hip clothing are made for a very specific, minority group of women- narrow-hipped, small-breasted, tall, and skinny. The pressure to fit into these styles of clothes is unrelenting and produces insecurities and a poor body-image. These adolescent anxieties are not uncommon and can produce eating disorders, depression, and suicide. Joanne Finkelstein, in After a Fashion, explains that fashion can be seen as a device for confining women to an inferior social order. Throughout history women have been isolated from men by their fashion dues to society – women would risk spinal disorders from corsets, chronic foot pain and arch trauma from high-heels, and submit to a constant preoccupation of worry over men’s approval of clothing appropriateness. Fashions play such an integral role in how we judge one another – how much money we have, what music we listen to, how much education we have received – that any gender-bending fashions  exhibited by women are at best taboo, and at worst, unattractive to men (the alleged Ultimate Woman’s Worry). In many societies, gender is not considered a part of nature, but rather learned, acquired, or earned as a rite of passage. In some tribal communities, acquiring gender status represents maturity and responsibility. There is an unspoken agreement between American men and women that women will fashion their clothing and styles as part of a system that favors men. In part this system favors men simply by distinguishing a class apart from men, requiring someone to exist on the outside of an established social norm. John Lorber puts it best: â€Å"Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at† (Lorber 46). In a society where many women still do not recognize the inequalities of genderization, the pervasiveness of gender roles in America remains perpetuated and profound. Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. New York: Viking Press, Reprint edition, January 1995 Finkelstein, Joanne. After A Fashion. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996. Lorber, Judith. â€Å"Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender†. Paradoxes of Gender. New York: Yale University Press, 1994. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.

A Critique of the Qualitative Research Essay

Beatrice J. Kalisch, PhD, RN, FAAN, reports her qualitative study â€Å"Missed Nursing Care† on medical-surgical units in the Journal of Nursing Care Quality. In the article, † Nursing Care: A Qualitative Study,† the researcher helps us understand what nursing care regularly missed on medical-surgical unit and what are the reasons nursing staff give for not completing these aspects of care. The reader will examine her use of grounded theory qualitative research method based on the guidelines provided by Geri LoBiondo-Wood and Judith Haber (2014). This research report will be analyzed using the criteria found in the Critiquing Criteria box on p. 135-136 in Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest In Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, the authors define phenomena as those things that are perceived by our senses (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014). The research clearly states the phenomenon of internet in the introduction, â€Å"†¦specific aspects of nursing care missed routinely and nursing staff reasons why these elements of care are prioritized as less important than others† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Beatrice Kalisch (2006) used the qualitative research method because the she had to discover information about her phenomenon from nurses experiences in their medical-surgical units. Kalisch (2006) explained, â€Å"A literature search revealed a lack of studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  about â€Å"The specific aspects of missed nursing care† and â€Å"the association between less staffing and the negative outcomes† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). The researcher realizes current relationship between nursing staff and poor patient outcomes. Kalisch found there was a gap and wanted to discover what â€Å"the missing nursing care† was and why it is missing. Kalisch helps her audience understand the philosophical underpinnings by explaining the utility of grounded theory in phenomenal  sense making. The authors of Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice differentiate ground theory from other qualitative research methods by stating that ground theory focus on process. The research identifies the process elements of her phenomenon rather than just describing it (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.153). Purpose Kalisch tells the reader the purpose in her first line of her abstract which is â€Å"†¦to determine nursing care regularly missed on medical-surgical units and reason for missed care† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). ). Kalisch conveyed to the reader, â€Å"Ensuring quality nursing care and patient safety is a major challenge facing nurses and nurse leaders today† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Thus, this research is done to discover what can change nursing practice to ensure better patient outcomes. Method The authors of Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice defines grounded theory as â€Å"different types of qualitative research method in that it goes beyond the traditional methods of phenomenology and ethnography, which focus on the process that is at the heart of the inquiry† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.154). According to Glaser and Strauss (1967), grounded theory method was â€Å"developed originally as a sociologist’s tool† and Denzin and Lincoln (1998) add â€Å"researchers†¦use the grounded theory method when they are interested in social process from the perspective of human interactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 116). Kalisch analyzed social process among nurses who are divided by job title into focus groups. She properly use grounded theory method to discover the phenomenon and collect data for the stated purpose. However, it is unclear if the study followed the guidelines of the grounded theor y method. Sampling In Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2014) explains â€Å"In qualitative studies, the researchers are usually looking for purposive sampling†¦a particular kind of person who can illuminate the phenomenon they want to study† (p. 100). The reader knows Kalisch (2006) purpose is about the views of nurses on medical-surgical units, and the author does interviews with â€Å"A total of 107 registered nurses, 15 licensed practical nurses, and 51 nursing assistants, working in  medical-surgical patient care units†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from two different hospitals (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). These nurses live the experiences of â€Å"missed nursing care† and can shed light on why care is missed on medical-surgical unit; therefore, they are an appropriate sample for this phenomenon of study. However, Kalisch could made a stronger sample for the grounded theory method if she included the words â€Å"purposive sample† , explained why this group of nursing staff was chosen, and given details about the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the sample (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 100). Data Collection The description of data collection lacks details in Kalisch (2006). The reader knows the author interviewed â€Å"25 focus groups† using â€Å"semistructured design and each interview â€Å"lasted 90-120 minutes† and the interviewees â€Å"were asked to commit to confidentiality† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306-7). The data collection did include human experience which was the nursing staff. Though the author states asking the interviewees to â€Å"commit to confidentiality†, but this is not enough to protect them from disclosure. In addition, data saturation isn’t confirmed and little known about the data collection process. The author should have stated during the interviews â€Å"nothing new is emerging† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 101). Furthermore, the author should included clues about questions that were asked and if anything collected from the interviews focused her study. Data Analysis The author used â€Å"qualitative analysis software† to apply â€Å"a grounded theory approach by which empirical data are thematically categorized by induction† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). There are two analyses of the â€Å"tape-recorded, fully transcribed† interviews, and â€Å"to be included as a theme, supporting data had to be contained†¦ in all of the focus groups† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). The reader identifies the research to be true to data because, as the two analyses â€Å"extracted the same issues from the empirical material† (Kalischp. 307). Trustworthiness, known as rigor for qualitative research, is established through credibility, auditability, and fittingness, none of which is communicated by Kalisch (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). Credibility requires that the â€Å"informants recognize the experience to be their own† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author never discussed  taking the themes obtained fro m the interviews back to the nurses to allow the interviewees the opportunity to confirm the findings. Nor does the author give any indication that enough time was allowed for full understanding of the phenomenon. Auditability requires that others, â€Å"not engaged in the research, be able to follow the auditrial of the primary researcher† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author should have described data saturation as mentioned previously. In the data analyses section of Kalisch (2006) the author mentioned grounded theory method was used for extraction of themes from the interviews. However, the reader doesn’t know the systematic process used, if there was â€Å"open coding† and â€Å"constant comparative method† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117). The neglect of giving the step-by-step process inhibits the reader’s ability to follow the thinking of the researcher. Fittingness is the â€Å"criterion that provides the reader with an opportunity to determine the usefulness of the data outside of the study† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.156). The reader knows the author chose grounded theory method appropriately for the purpose of Kalisch (2006); however, because of missing information the reader is unsure if this is study is repeated in other hospitals or other units if the same themes would evolve (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117-120). If the author gave the systematic process the study could be replicated. This necessary information would allow wider application to other professions. Findings The author gives great details in the findings section of Kalisch (2006) allowing the reader â€Å"to apprehend the essences of the experience† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 130). Use of quotes from the interviews allowed the reader to understand how the themes emerged (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 108). The author’s conceptualizations are sincere to the findings. The â€Å"Nine elements of regularly missed nursing care†¦and 7 themes relative to the reasons for missing this care†¦Ã¢â‚¬  described in Kalisch (2006) abstract is clearly defined throughout the findings section (p. 306-310). Additionally, in the discussion section the author relates the findings to the literature review (Kalisch, 2006, p. 310-311). The author discussed how other research â€Å"corroborate[d] these findings† and â€Å"many studies have pointed to the relationship between number of patients per nurse and  negative outcomes† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 311). Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations In the implication section, the author expresses the use of her findings to change nursing practice and â€Å"decrease the problem of missed nursing care† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author continues to maintain confidence about her findings in the conclusion, â€Å"it is clear that nurses are often distracted for care†¦and should be engaged in delegation training and performance follow-up† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Yet, the author declares a need for further research because â€Å"only 2 facilities† were studied and â€Å"additional studies are needed to determine the validity of these findings† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author recommends implications for nursing practice by the details to examine this phenomenon on their unit by doing â€Å"root cause and other analyses†¦to determine the causes of the problem and strategies to address them† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Plus, the author gives suggestions about â€Å"development of a tool to measure missed care† and questions to answer in future research. After scrutiny of Kalisch (2006) the reader has an understanding the author used qualitative, grounded theory method to study â€Å"missed nursing care† and â€Å"staff reasons why† they were missed. However, before application of these findings the reader should conduct more research and more analyses because Kalisch (2006) findings are not conclusive. Also, the reader would have to do more literature review or even contact author if possible to gain more knowledge about her process of sampling, collection and analyses so the study can be repeated and validity of the findings can be affirmed. References Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1998). The landscape of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Kalisch, B.J. (2006). Missed Nursing Care: A qualitative study. Journal of nursing care quality, 21(4), 306-13. LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence based practice (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier.

Earth Simulator Essays

Earth Simulator Essays Earth Simulator Essay Earth Simulator Essay Earth Simulator Center Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Earth Environment System Today’s talk What is the Earth Simulator ? Gift from the Earth Simulator – High resolution simulation Impact – Synoptic scale impact Heat wave †¦ Silk Road Patterns – Cloud resolve-Synoptic scale extreams Typhoon †¦ multi-scale simulations – Climate change projection Global Warming †¦ contribute to IPCC report – Solid earth simulation Earth quark †¦ Wave Propergation forecasting – Aurora arc simulation Toward advanced simulation methodology Next stream in future The Earth Simulator ? Development of ES started in 1997 with the aim of making a comprehensive understanding of global environmental changes such as global warming. ?The Kyoto Protocol was opened for signature on 11th Dec. 1997. ? Developed in Mar. 2002 by STA (MEXT) and NEC with 400 M$ investment. ?Project had been strongly promoted under Dr. Miyoshi’s direction. (Dr. Miyoshi: Passed away in Nov. 2001. ) ? Its construction was completed at the end of February, 2002 . ?The operation started from March 2002 at the Earth Simulator Center in Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). Computenik news in New York TImes , 1st prize in Top 500 from 2002-2004†¦.. (still)14th in Top 500 today. Earth Simulator ’s Impact on Society Mission of the Earth Simulator Projects ENVIRONMENT Protection of lives and properties from natural disasters and environmental destruction INDUSTRY Huge cost reduction in innovative technology development which requires massive investments SCIENCE EARTH SIMULATOR Development of innovative research tools attaching farfrom-equilibrium, nonlinear and open systems HUMAN Paradigm shift to glob al, future-oriented way of thinking Location of Earth Simulator Facilities TokyoEarth Simulator Site The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process NodesTape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor The Earth Simulator Hard Disk Process Nodes Tape Archive System Connection Network Air Conditioning 65m Power Supply 50m Free Access Floor Earth Simulator Building Peak Performance : 40 TFlops Main Memory : 10 TBytes Magnetic Disk Tape : 2. 5 PBytes 640 processor nodes Magnetic Disks Connect Network 65m Power Supply Air-Conditioning Base-Isolation 50m Configuration of the Earth Simulator Peak performance/AP Peak performance/PN Shared memory/PN : 8Gflops : 64Gflops : 16GB Total number of APs : 5120 Total number of PNs : 640 Total peak performance : 40Tflops Total main memory : 10TB Interconnection Network (full crossbar switch) Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #1 Arithmetic Processor #7 Arithmetic Processor #0 Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #0 Arithmetic Processor #7 Arithmetic Processor #1 Shared Memory 16GB Arithmetic Processor #0 Arithmetic Processor #1 Arithmetic Processor #7 Processor Node #0 Processor Node #1 Processor Node #639 Mass Data Processing System (MDPS): 2. 5PBNetwork System Yokohama Institute-Network Super SINET October, 2004 ES-Network Ferry System FTP MDPS Server MDPS Graphic WS BRAVE Data Handling WS Login Server ES-LAN Earth Simulator Allocation of ES resources for 2006 Strategic Project Earth Science Climate Change Solid Earth Natural Disasters International cooperation Industrial application etc Innovative Project Space and Astrophysics Government Project IPCC Contribution etc Computer Science Next Generation Algorithm Next Generation Architecture Next Generation Programming Language Atomic Energy CFD Application Nano Technology BioChemistry etc International Cooperative Research USASCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Development of high resolution reanalysis data THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCH SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) THE INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE POUR LEXPLOITATIOAN DE LA MER (IFREMER) Impact of convective system in equatorial area of ocean RECHERCH PREVISION NUMERIQUE, METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF CANADA (PRN/MSC) Ultra high resolution sim ulation of Hurricane Earl ITALIAN AEROSPACE RESEARCH CENTER (CIRA) [emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected]@[emailprotected] High resolution weather forecasting in Italia-Alps region A @ A @ A FOR A @ A @ ATMOSPHERIC A @ NERC [emailprotected] A @GLOBAL A @ A @ A @ A @MODELLING (NCAS) METOFFICE, HADLEY CENTRE FOR CLIMATE PREDICTION AND RESEARCH A @ A @ rance [emailprotected] F [emailprotected] Canada [emailprotected]@ Italy [emailprotected] UK USA USA USA [emailprotected] USA NATIONAL ENERGY RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING (NERSC) CENTER AT LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Estimation of HPC THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Validation and Estimation of High performance Computing Advanced Visualization Method for tera-bite scale data DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA THE INTERNATIONAL ARCTIC RESEARCH CENTER (IARC) OF THE (DGG/UMN) Advanced Visualization Method for tera-bite scale data UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS Development of advanced polar region odeling A @ A @ A @ A @ A @ INSTITUTE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING [emailprotected] Development of advanced computational methods Singapore [emailprotected]@ [emailprotected] NATIONAL APPLIED RESEARCH LABORATORIES [emailprotected] High resolution weather forecasting modeling Impact of Ultra High Resolution Simulation for Global Atmosphere Global Ocean Typhoon Simulation 300 km vs. 10 km Horizontal resolution: 300 km Horizontal resolution: 10 km Comparison of the Kuroshio Current 100 km vs. 10 km horizontal resolution: 100 km Horizontal resolution: 10 km A Global Atmospheric Circulation Simulation with a horizontal resolution of 10 kmA Global Oceanic Circulation Simulation with a horizontal resolution of 10 km Antarctic Flow Simulation 10km resolution in the horizontal Synoptic scale impact Heat wave †¦ Silk Road Patterns Temperaturedistribution on July 20, 2004 Hydrostatic AGCM:AFES Simulation Observation Japan Meteorological Agency High Pressure developm ent resulting from meandering Westerly Silk Road Pattern Impact of Cloud resolving scale – Synoptic scale Simulation NASA O(1000)km NASA O(1000)km O(100)m NASA O(1000)km O(100)m NASA How strong will be extream under Global Warming ? Cloud Effect and Weather/ClimateCloud Effect and Weather/Climate About 10km O(100)m Cloud Effect and Weather/Climate O(1000)km About 10km O(100)m Cloud Effect and Weather/Climate O(1000)km About 10km O(100)m Not only impact to extream but also to climate change through radiation processes Scientific Gland Challenge Impact of Cloud Scale Weather Synoptic Scale Climate Change Requirements: Long Integration with Ultra High Resolution + Various components e. g. Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction (at least) Multi-Scale Simulator for Geoenvironment (MSSG) Scalability Days Weeks Prediction 1 5km for horizontal 100 vertical layersLocal heavy Rain Prediction, etc. Seasonal Annual Prediction 5-40 km for horizontal, 100 vertical layers Urban Weather /Climate Predi ction 10m 2km for horizontal, 200 vertical layers Data: Geographical Survey Institute 5 Days Forecasting of Typhoon 10 of 2003 MSSG, non-hydrostatic Global Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Simulation Horizontal resolution km Vertical resolution layers 2. 7 72 Typhoon ETAU Sea Surface Temperature after Typhoon 11 tracking JAXA eorc. nasda. go. jp/imgdata/topics/2005/tp050922. html 2005 Aqua, NASA Sea Surface temperature averaged for 5 days(24th August 28th August)Sea Surface Temperature after Typhoon 11 tracking JAXA eorc. nasda. go. jp/imgdata/topics/2005/tp050922. html 2005 Aqua, NASA Sea Surface temperature averaged for 5 days(24th August 28th August) Rainfall Prediction associated with Typhoon 10 Global with 5. 5 km resolution Observation: Nested with 1. 15 km resolution Global Warming Global Warming Simulation for IPCC AR4 CREAPI (Japan) and NCAR: National Center of Atmospheric Research (USA) A1B 750ppm:const Overshoot B1 550ppm:const ?A1B senario†¦ gradually up ? overshooting se nario gradually down and constantChange of Precipitation in Summer Season under Global Warming Center for Climate System Research (CCSR), University of Tokyo National Institute of Environment System (NIES) Frontier Research System Center (JAMSTEC) increased 2005 70 2075 The number of hot days will be increased decreased After 70 years from now, Averaged precipitation will be increasing. 2. 5 Global averaged temperature will be up of 2. 5 2005 70 2075 Heavy precipitation will be increasing Earthquake Tokyo beneath M7 Earthquake Prof. Furumura ( Univ. Tokyo) Kumagaya Kumagaya Shinjuku 80 80 Kumagay a Shinjuku Shinnjuku 30 30Seismic wave propagation Intensity 100 cm rocky Domain 85km 90km 102km Resolution:50m 6. 3G meshes) Crust sedimentary and rocky CPU hour sedimentary Formation of aurora arcs obtained by simulation from the satellite from the ground ( Sun-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere interaction) SUN Micro-instability Solar Wind m 10 Simulation of Aurora Arc Formation Formation of Doub le Layer the energy spectrum of accelerated precipitating electrons Aurora Arc formation Calculate aurora brightening by oxygen and nitrogen excitation by energized precipitating electrons Magnetic field lines Down-going electrons EarthUp-going electrons Magnetosphere Convection Magnetosphere Convection 100,000,000 m macroscopic scale Streams to the Near Future Mltiscale-Multiphysics Simulations Earth Simulator provides us  »  »  »  »  » First step to Multi-scale/physics simulation Obtained the tool Next perspectives to the future Realistic feelings/motivations by researchers Further advanced simulation Science Impact of Extremes: Typhoon, Hurricane Heavy rain , Draut Atmospheric Dynamics Ocean Heat Content : Climate Change On NEXT Generation Peta-scale Supercomputing System In the Ntional Project promoted by RIKEN Thank you.

Hot Takes and Spit Takes

Hot Takes and Spit Takes Hot Takes and Spit Takes Hot Takes and Spit Takes By Mark Nichol Take is one of the most generic and therefore versatile verbs (and, as a noun, has multiple senses), prompting an extensive collection of idioms, many of which are listed below. give and take: compromise hot take: a published reaction or analysis of a recent news event that, often because of the time-sensitive nature, doesn’t offer much in the way of deep reflection I take it: a synonym for â€Å"I understand† as an introduction to expressing that the speaker or writer believes that something has occurred or is true and seeks corroboration intake: an opening for the collection or passage of fluid; also, input, or something taken in it doesn’t take: a statement (generally in the past tense) communicating a failure, or the beginning of a statement that some quality is not required to accomplish or understand something (as in â€Å"It doesn’t take a genius to realize that Johns dishonest†) it takes two: two parties are required to achieve a result on the take: being paid to do favors, or receiving bribes outtake: something removed from a piece of media, such as a scene from a television program or a film or a song recorded for but not included on an album; also, a flue or vent retake: the action of filming or recording a scene or a song as an improvement on an earlier instance, or a repeated instance of filming or recording; as a verb, receive or take again, photograph again, or recapture spit take: an act of suddenly spitting out liquid one is drinking in response to something funny or unexpected take a back seat: accept a subordinate role (from the notion of being relegated to the back seat of a vehicle) take a bath: suffer a significant financial loss (from the notion of having one’s wealth cleaned away) take a chill pill: relax take (one) to court: sue someone take (one) to the cleaners: deprive someone of money or possessions (from the notion of having clothes professionally cleaned) take a hike/walk: leave take a load off: a slang invitation to sit and relax take a meeting: participate in a meeting take a powder: leave quickly (origin obscure) take a seat: be seated take a stand: express an opinion on a controversial or divisive issue, or act to defend or attack a status quo take account of: consider or note take advantage of: exploit or profit by take after: resemble in some quality take aim/take aim at: target take an interest in: become interested in an activity or issue take apart: disassemble, or treat harshly or roughly take care of: attend to or provide for take care: be careful take charge: assume command or control take credit: communicate that one is responsible for an outcome take effect: become operative or be effective take exception: object take five: slang indicating permission to cease an activity, such as a rehearsal, for five minutes take for granted: assume, or devalue take (someone) for a ride: cheat or trick (from the notion of offering a person a ride in a vehicle as part of a plot) take fright: become frightened take (something) hard: suffer emotional pain from knowledge of an unfortunate or disadvantageous incident or result take heart: gain confidence or courage take hold: take effect, or grasp take in vain: use a name (generally, that of a deity or religious figure) disrespectfully or profanely take into account: make allowance for take issue: disagree or dispute take it easy: slang urging someone to discontinue acting emotionally or violently, or an informal farewell with the notion of â€Å"be at peace or relaxed† take it on the chin: suffer from an occurrence (on the analogy of being struck by a fist) take it or leave it: expression of an ultimatum take it out on (one): vindictively punish someone for something they are not responsible for take kindly to: be inclined to accept or approve (someone or something) take(s) a load off (one’s mind): relieve(s) pressure or a sense of responsibility take me for: part of a question (such as â€Å"What do you take me for- an idiot?†) with the sentiment â€Å"Do you assume that I am not intelligent or perceptive?† take no prisoners: show no mercy or be relentless take note/take notice of: observe or pay attention to take offense: become offended take office: assume the responsibility of an appointed or elected position take on (something): accept a responsibility take pains: go out of one’s way to effect an outcome take part: participate take place: occur take (one’s) place: figuratively or literally position oneself in a role or among others take root: become established, fixed, or rooted take shape: become distinctly developed or formed take shelter: protect oneself from adverse conditions such as a storm take ship: set out on a voyage take sides: ally with one of two parties, or advocate for one position in a disagreement take the blame: accept responsibility for a negative outcome take the cake: earn a prize (often said sarcastically in reference to outrageous behavior) (one) take(s) the Fifth: said in reference to refusing to divulge information (from the notion of invoking the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution to protect oneself from self-incrimination) take the floor: stand to formally address an assembly take the plunge: pursue an opportunity, from the notion of diving or jumping into water take the rap: accept responsibility for a mistake or a crime (from underworld slang referring to a criminal charge) take (one’s time): act leisurely take to (something): slang referring to adapting to or becoming comfortable with an activity or a person, or to going to or into take to task: criticize take the trouble: undertake an activity or begin to effect an outcome take (one’s) turn: accept an opportunity to undertake something that two or more people are doing in turn take turns: an admonition to be fair about letting others do something in turn take: (someone or something) take(s) some getting used to: expression of the sentiment that someone or something is difficult to accommodate or is a challenge take water/take on water: figuratively or literally sinking take (one’s) word for it: believe another’s account or explanation what’s your take?: A question requesting one’s version of an incident or analysis of or opinion about an issue Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†30 Baseball Idioms5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Ethics In Disability Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ethics In Disability Sports - Essay Example Disability sport can be defined as recreational, competitive, and Paralympics sport for individuals with disabilities or a body of knowledge that guides philosophy and practices. The relationship among disability, sport, and knowledge is multifaceted. Such concepts are created by social groups and reflect the affordances and constraints of specific times and cultures.Disabilities have been conceptualized as limitations in physical, mental, or sensory functional ability and activity that prevent or compromise equitable participation in able-bodied sport. Disability sport has been associated mainly with disability sport organizations (DSOs) or the International Paralympics Committee (IPC). However, people with disabilities can now choose to participate in a wide variety of sport contexts (Sherrill & Williams 1996). Thus, the meaning of disability sport has been widened to include any combination of sport and disability. DePauw defined disability sport as a term that gives equal weight to concepts of disability and sport (1986).4. Theories and Conceptualizations of Sport DisabilitySome of the studies and researchers have defined theories of sports disability that might fit into a disability sport conceptual framework.5. Sport Performance TheorySport performance theory includes all of the inconstant, excluding classification, that facilitate explaining or foreseeing phenomenon such as attaining an individual best, winning and losing, managing injury, burnout, stress, anxiety.